Article write by Madlene Batsiou
Following my previous reflections on community action and volunteering, It is crucial to broaden the discussion on disability rights by examining historical shifts, contemporary policies and the broader societal structures that shape inclusivity. This section moves beyond personal experiences to explore the systemic and cultural elements that define the lives of people with disabilities (PWDs).
From Ancient Perceptions to Modern Realities
Throughout history, societies have viewed disability through varying lenses. Ancient civilizations had diverse approaches—some fostering inclusion, while others reinforcing exclusion. The Sumerians, for example, implemented organized food distribution, demonstrating early care for individuals with disabilities. In contrast, the Greeks had differing regional attitudes: Athens often associated disabilities with divine favor, while Sparta enforced exclusionary practices for those unable to contribute militarily. Despite early philosophical discussions on inclusive education, such as those proposed by Aristotle and Democritus, societies were slow to recognize the rights of people with disabilities (PWDs). It was only in the 20th century, with the rise of human rights movements, that disability inclusion gained momentum, shifting from a perspective of care and dependency to one of equal participation.
Policy, Media, and the Perception of Disability
The role of media in shaping perceptions cannot be overstated. Historically, PWDs were either erased from narratives or portrayed in ways that reinforced stereotypes—either as objects of pity or sources of inspiration, rather than as individuals navigating everyday life. According to a 2022 report by the European Disability Forum, only 2% of media representations feature PWDs in everyday roles, reinforcing the perception that disability is an anomaly rather than a natural part of human diversity. Education is another powerful tool for change. Research from UNESCO highlights that inclusive education models improve social integration, reduce discrimination, and lead to better academic outcomes for both disabled and non-disabled students. Schools must integrate awareness programs that go beyond textbook knowledge, fostering experiential learning to dismantle prejudices. Government policies, meanwhile, must prioritize accessibility, employment rights, and social participation, ensuring that inclusivity is not just a concept but a lived reality. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), adopted in 2006, provides a legal framework for ensuring equal rights. Yet implementation remains inconsistent across countries.
Greece vs. Portugal: A Comparative Perspective
Countries have taken different approaches to disability inclusion. Portugal has implemented progressive policies that prioritize accessibility in public spaces, workforce integration, and social support. According to the European Social Policy Network (ESPN), Portugal’s disability employment rate is significantly higher than the EU average due to targeted inclusion policies. Greece has made advancements but continues to face challenges, particularly in infrastructure and employment opportunities for PWDs. A promising step in Greece has been the introduction of personal assistants for PWDs, a policy that aims to enhance autonomy, though its implementation is still evolving. However, the European Commission’s 2023 report on disability rights in Greece highlights that accessibility remains a key issue, with 45% of public buildings still lacking full compliance with EU accessibility standards.
The Numbers Behind the Issue
Across Europe, approximately 87 million people—17.5% of the population—live with a disability. Employment remains a critical issue, with only 50% of PWDs securing jobs compared to 75% of non-disabled individuals (Eurostat, 2023). In education, only 29.4% PWDs attain higher education, compared to 43.8% of their non-disabled peers. These numbers reveal deep-rooted barriers that require not just policy change but a shift in societal attitudes. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that PWDs are twice as likely to experience inadequate healthcare, with 50% of individuals with disabilities unable to afford necessary medical services compared to 32% of the general population. These statistics highlight the urgent need for systemic reform beyond legal frameworks.
Challenging Ableism and Redefining Inclusion
Ableism—the discrimination against PWDs—is often ingrained in societal norms. It manifests in workplace exclusions, limited accessibility, and unconscious biases in daily interactions. Addressing ableism requires both policy changes and cultural shifts, including the way language is used. Moving from deficit-based descriptions (“disabled person”) to identity-first or person-first language (“person with a disability”) can impact broader perceptions. According to a study by the Harvard Disability Research Center, companies that implement inclusive hiring practices report a 72% increase in employee retention and overall workplace satisfaction, proving that disability inclusion is not just ethically
necessary but economically beneficial.
Strengthening the Link to Activism and Systemic Change
In my previous reflections, I highlighted my experiences with APS, a Portuguese organization dedicated to social inclusion. While volunteerism is crucial, true change lies in systemic transformation. Disability activism must go beyond awareness—it must push for legislative change, employment equality, and universal design in urban planning. Activists, policymakers, and community leaders must collaborate to ensure disability rights are prioritized across all sectors. The European Accessibility Act passed in 2019, is a step in the right direction, but enforcement remains a challenge. Governments must move from symbolic measures to concrete actions that make accessibility and equality a reality for all.
A Call to Action for a More Inclusive Future
Building an inclusive society requires ongoing effort. Businesses must create work environments that accommodate all abilities, schools must foster a culture of diversity and individuals must challenge personal biases. Inclusion is not just a legal obligation; it is a social commitment. True inclusion is not about providing special treatment but ensuring equal opportunities for all. It is about recognising that accessibility benefits everyone, not just PWDs. The fight for disability rights is not just about laws or policies; it is about changing the way we see the world and the people in it. It is about tearing down the invisible barriers of bias and fear that keep millions on the margins of society. Every step toward inclusion is a step toward a fairer, richer, and more humane world.
So, the question is not whether we should build an inclusive society—the question
is, what’s stopping us?
Because inclusion is not optional—it is a right.
